校对：老猫
版权属于原作者
How deep are the deepest cave dives today, compared to those three decades ago when technical diving was just getting started? InDepth editor-in-chief Michael Menduno and deep diving pioneer Nuno Gomes team up to review the history of deep cave diving, discuss the issues involved, and identify the people who are pushing our underwater envelope.
与技术潜水刚刚起步的三十年前相比，今天最深的洞穴潜水有多深？
InDepth 主编迈克尔 ·门杜诺（ Michael Menduno）和深潜先驱努诺 ·戈麦斯（ Nuno Gomes）合作，回顾了洞穴深潜的历史，讨论了其中所涉及的问题，并指出了那些一直在挑战极限的人。
Header photo showing Nuno Gomes during his 1996 record deep cave dive at Bushmansgat. Photo by Theo van Eeden
标题照片是努诺·戈麦斯1996年在布什曼斯加特进行破纪录的大深度洞穴潜水。
西奥·范·伊登 摄
A little more than a year ago, we ran an InDepth article, “Extending The Envelope Revisited: The 30 Deepest Tech Shipwreck Dives,” which compared the deepest tech shipwreck dives as of 2020 with those conducted in the 1990s when mixed gas technology was just emerging. Not surprisingly the story drew a lot of reader attention. As a result, it seemed fitting that we publish a similar article examining deep cave diving. Accordingly, I teamed up with deep diving pioneer and Guinness world record holder Nuno Gomes, who had already completed much of the needed research for his 2016 book that he co-authored with Olo Sawa, Beyond Blue: Journey Into the Deep.
一年多前，我们发表了一篇 InDepth 文章《重新审视极限，三十次最深的技术沉船潜水》，其中将截至 2020年最深的沉船潜水与 20世纪 90年代混合气体技术刚刚出现时的沉船潜水进行了比较。
不出意料，这个故事引起了很多读者的注意。
因此，我们发表一篇类似的文章来讨论洞穴深潜似乎很合适。于是，我与深潜先驱、吉尼斯世界纪录保持者努诺 ·戈麦斯（ Nuno Gomes）进行了合作，他之前已经完成了 2016年与奥洛 ·萨瓦（ Olo Sawa）合著的《超越深蓝：潜入更深处》一书所需要进行的大部分研究。
Since the 1990s, technical divers have explored considerably deeper in caves than they have on shipwreck exploration dives, which is not surprising. The cave environment is far more conducive to staging equipment such as gas and scooters required for deep dives, conditions are also far more stable and rarely subject to weather compared to open water dives, and caves may also offer more psychological comfort for divers, for example, there is less sense of depth then a vertical plunge in open waters.
自 20 世纪 90 年代以来，技术潜水员在洞穴中的探索比在沉船潜水中探索的深度要深得多，这并不奇怪：
洞穴环境更有利于分阶段放置装备，比如深潜所需的气体和推进器；与开放水域潜水相比，条件也稳定得多，很少受天气影响，洞穴也可能让潜水员心理上更舒适，例如，与开放水域的垂直潜水相比，深度感更小。
Sheck Exley with Nuno Gomes at Bushmansgat 1993
谢克·埃克斯利和努诺·戈麦斯 1993年在布什曼斯加特
In addition, with the possible exception of Jacques Cousteau, cave divers were arguably the original tekkies and worked out many of the initial fundamentals of tech diving in terms of equipment and protocols. Again, likely due to the environment, they were also the first amateur diving community to begin experimenting with mix technology. In 1967, South African British Sub Aqua Club (BSAC) divers Roly Nyman [Gomes’ original cave instructor], Ian Robertson, John van der Walt and Danny van der Walt conducted the first trimix (an oxygen, helium, nitrogen mix) dive by cave divers to 107 m/350 ft in Silent Pool, in Sinoia, Rhodesia. After some unsuccessful attempts during the seventies, in 1979 Dale Sweet dived to 110 m/360 ft at Diepolder IIin Florida, marking the first successful use of trimix by sport divers in the US.
此外，除了雅克 ·库斯托（ Jacques Cousteau）之外，洞穴潜水员可以说是最早的技术派，他们在装备和协议方面掌握了许多技术潜水的基本原则。同样，可能由于环境的原因，他们也是第一个开始尝试混合气体技术的非职业潜水团体。
1967年，南非的英国潜水俱乐部（ BSAC）的潜水员罗利 ·尼曼（ Roly Nyman）（戈麦斯最初的洞穴教练）、伊恩 ·罗伯逊（ Ian Robertson）、约翰 ·范德沃尔特（ John van der Walt）和丹尼 ·范德沃尔特（ Danny van der Walt）在罗得西亚（津巴布韦的旧称）的 Silent Pool中进行了首次由洞穴潜水员执行的三混气（氦氮氧混合气）潜水，潜至 107米 /350英尺。
在七十年代几次失败的尝试后， 1979年，戴尔 ·斯威特（ Dale Sweet）在佛罗里达州的 Diepolder II潜入至 110米 /360英尺，标志着美国运动潜水员首次成功使用三混气。
Swiss diver Jochen Hasenmayerwas soon to follow in 1981 with a trimix dive to 145 m/476 ft at Fountain of Vaucluse, France, using modified tables from pioneering commercial diving Oceaneering. This was the first of a series of ever deeper dives conducted by Hasenmayer, which inspired cave explorer Sheck Exleyto begin his record-setting, deep mix dives.
瑞士潜水员 约亨·哈森迈尔（ Jochen Hasenmayer）随后于 1981年在法国的 Fountain of Vaucluse使用来自先锋商业潜水公司 Oceaneering的改良过的减压表进行计算，将三混气潜水推进到 145米 /476英尺。
这是哈森迈尔（ Hasenmayer）进行的一系列更深的潜水中的第一次，这 激励了洞穴探险家谢克·埃克斯利（Sheck Exley）开始他创纪录的大深度混合气体潜水。
Others, like cave explorer Bill Stone with his Wakulla Springs 1987 Project, as well Parker Turner, Bill Gavin, Lamar English, and Bill Main, who went on to form the Woodville Karst Plains Project(WKPP), began conducting mix exploration dives with the help of decompression physiologist Dr. Bill Hamilton. Similarly, in Europe, divers such as cave diving and rebreather pioneer Olivier Isler, as well as Stuart Clough, owner of Carmellan Research, who worked with British tech diver Rob Palmer, also embraced the new deep diving technology.
其他人，如洞穴探险家比尔 ·斯通（ Bill Stone）和他的 瓦库拉泉项目，以及帕克 ·特纳（ Parker Turner）、比尔 ·加文（ Bill Gavin）、拉马尔 ·英格利什（ Lamar English）和比尔 ·梅因（ Bill Main），他们后来成立了伍德维尔喀斯特平原项目（ WKPP），在减压生理学家比尔 ·汉密尔顿博士（ Dr. Bill Hamilton）的帮助下开始进行混合气探索潜水。
同样，在欧洲，洞穴潜水和 循环呼吸器先驱奥利维尔·伊斯勒（ Olivier Isler）等潜水员，以及与英国技术潜水员罗伯 ·帕尔默（ Rob Palmer）共事的卡梅伦研究公司老板斯图尔特 ·克劳夫（ Stuart Clough）也接受了这种新的深潜技术。
Nuno Gomes and Jim Bowden diving the Lost Blue Hole in the Bahamas
努诺·戈麦斯和吉姆·鲍登在巴哈马群岛的迷失蓝洞中潜水
In contrast, the US wreck diving community didn’t begin to adopt mixed gas diving in earnest until the early 1990s, with help from tech diving pioneer Capt. Billy Deans, owner of Key West Diver, Key West, Florida—the first tech training center in the world. In fact, most wreck divers didn’t even use oxygen for decompression until the late 1980s; again, Deans was instrumental in helping the Northeast wreck diving community develop safer decompression protocols.
相比之下，美国沉船潜水界直到 20世纪 90年代初才开始认真采用混合气体潜水，这是在技术潜水先驱比利迪恩斯上尉（ Capt.Billy Deans）的帮助下，他是佛罗里达州基韦斯特的基韦斯特潜水俱乐部（ Key West Diver）的老板，该公司是世界上第一家技潜培训中心。
事实上，大多数沉船潜水员直到 20世纪 80年代末才使用氧气减压； 同样，是迪恩斯帮助东北部的沉船潜水团体制定了更安全的减压方案。
The View from aquaCORPS Circa 1993
以下为aquaCORPS上的观点（约1993年）
In December 1993, my magazine aquaCORPSpublished reports from Sheck Exley, and Jim Bowden under the header “DEEP UNDERGROUND,” along with a table and explanation provided by Exley titled, “Comparison of Sub-500 foot (150 m+) Technical Dives,” that listed 13 known dives to depths beyond 150 meters. That table is shown below. All of the dives were cave dives conducted in fresh water with the exception of Jim King’s dive to 209 m/683 ft at Dean’s Blue Hole in the Bahamas. Note that the listing, JB’s 170 Fathom, as it was initially called, was Zacatón, in Tamaulipas, Mexico, where Exley died in 1994.
1993年 12月，我的 aquaCORPS杂志发表了谢克 ·埃克斯利（ Sheck Exley）和吉姆 ·鲍登（ Jim Bowden）在 “DEEP UNDERGROUND”标题下的报告，以及 Exley提供的题为 “深度超过 500英尺（ 150米）的技术潜水比较 ”的表格和解释，其中列出了 13次已知的深度超过 150米的潜水。
该表如下所示。
所有的潜水都是在淡水中进行的洞穴潜水，除了吉姆 ·金（ Jim King）在巴哈马的迪恩蓝洞（ Dean’s Blue Hole）潜水到 209米 /683英尺。
请注意，清单中， JB’s 170 Fathom，这就是位于墨⻄哥塔毛利帕斯州的萨卡顿的最初名称，埃克斯利于 1994年在那里遇难。
From Sheck Exley: This table summarizes the 13 self-contained technical dives that have been successfully conducted to date beyond 500 feet (154 msw). All of these are cave dives, though the open water community is not too far behind. All dives except King’s Blue Hole descent were conducted in fresh water. No DCI symptoms were reported other than general fatigue-not surprising alter such long dive times, and a single case of skin bends. HPNS was reported on two of the dives, both at Bushmansgat, South Africa: Gomes’ 1992 descent to 500 flw/163 msw, and Exley’s recent descent to 863 ffw/257 msw. Reports of HPNS will probably increase as the technical diving community makes more helium dives to depths below 400 feet/123 metres due to the rapid descent rates. The water temperature for the dives varied considerably. The coldest by far was Vaucluse, 55 degrees F. (l3°C ). Next is Bushmansgat, at 66 degrees F (19° C), followed by Mante at 78 degrees F (26°C). The warmest dive was Bowden’s 170 Fathom Grotto, at a very pleasant 87 degrees F (31C° ). *Note that the bottom mix on these dives were blended by topping a fixed amount of helium with air, a convenient field mixing practice for remote locations.
来自谢克·埃克斯利（Sheck Exley）：
此表总结了迄今为止成功进行的超过500英尺（154米）的13次独立技术潜水。
所有这些都是洞穴潜水，尽管开放水域的潜水员们也没有落后太远。除King’s Blue Hole的那次下潜外，所有潜水都是在淡水中进行的。并没有减压病的报告，除了常见的全身疲劳——这并不奇怪，因为潜水时间变得太长——以及还有一例皮肤症状。
据报道，出现HPNS的两次下潜都是在南非的布什曼斯加特（bushmansgat）：戈麦斯于1992年下潜到500英尺/163m，以及埃克斯利最近下潜到863英尺/257m。由于技术潜水团体在400英尺/123m以下的深度更多地开始使用氦气，而且下潜速度很快，所以关于HPNS的报告可能会增加。
并且这些潜水的水温温差很大：到目前为止最冷的是华氏55度（13°C）的沃克勒斯（Vaucluse），接下来是华氏66度（19℃）的布什曼斯加特（Bushmansgat），其次是华氏78度（26摄氏度）的曼特（Mante）。
最温暖的潜水是Bowden’s 170 Fathom的洞穴，温度是华氏87度（摄氏31度）°
*请注意，这些潜水的底部气体是通过在一定数量的氦气上加入空气来混合的，这是在偏僻地区便捷的现场混合操作。
Sheck Exley after his 721 ft/221 m dive at Mante in April, 1993
谢克·埃克斯利于1993年4月在曼特下潜721英尺/221米后
Dr. Ann Kristovich was the only woman to make the list with her (woman’s) record deep dive to 170 m/554ft at Zacatón.
安·克里斯托维奇博士（Dr. Ann Kristovich）是以在萨卡顿170米/554英尺的深潜记录而得以进入名单的唯一女性。
Note that the dives were dominated by Exley, and to a lesser extent Nuno Gomes and Jim Bowden. Not listed are likely some further dives by Hasenmayer including his 1989 dive at Lake Wolfgang, Austria, where he suffered decompression illness and was paralyzed. Note also that Bowden’s partner Dr. Ann Kristovich made the list with her (woman’s) record deep dive to 170 m/554ft at Zacatón.
请注意，大部分潜水都是埃克斯利（ Exley）完成的，其次是努诺 ·戈麦斯（ Nuno Gomes）和吉姆 ·鲍登（ Jim Bowden）。未列出哈森迈尔（ Hasenmayer）可能进行的一些进一步的潜水，包括他 1989年在奥地利沃尔夫冈湖（ Lake Wolfgang）的潜水，在那里他罹患了减压病，瘫痪了。
另请注意，鲍登的搭档安 ·克里斯托维奇博士（ Dr. Ann Kristovich）在萨卡顿以 170米 /554英尺的成绩上榜，破了女潜水员纪录。
Decompression schedules for these dives were calculated using modified Oceaneering Tables, Hamilton’s Diving Computational Analysis Program, (DCAP), and Exley’s software program Dr. X. The table also includes some discussion of the first reported cases of High Pressure Nervous Syndrome(HPNS) by sport divers, in this case Exley and Gomes.
这些潜水的减压计划是使用改良过的 Oceaneering减压表、汉密尔顿（ Hamilton）的潜水计算分析程序（ DCAP）、和埃克斯利（ Exley）的软件程序 Dr.X计算的。
该表还包括一些对于运动潜水员中首次报告的高压神经综合症（ HPNS）病例的讨论，在本例中为 Exley 和 Gomes。
与技术潜水刚刚起步的三十年前相比，今天最深的洞穴潜水有多深？
InDepth 主编迈克尔 ·门杜诺（ Michael Menduno）和深潜先驱努诺 ·戈麦斯（ Nuno Gomes）合作，回顾了洞穴深潜的历史，讨论了其中所涉及的问题，并指出了那些一直在挑战极限的人。
Bowden’s Deep Diving Chronology Circa 1998
鲍登的深潜编年史（约1998年）
In 1998, Bowden, who had conducted the deepest cave dive to 282 m/925ft at Zacatón in 1994, which was later surpassed by Gomes in 1996, compiled a chronological list of 38 sub-150 meter dives conducted from 1982-1998. Along with the table, Bowden wrote a short (unpublished) essay detailing his experience and views on deep diving, DCS, HPNS, depth calculations. We titled it, “Thoughts on Diving To Great Depths.”Bowden’s list is shown below.
鲍登于 1994年在萨卡顿进行了当时最深的洞穴潜水，达到 282米 /925英尺，后来在 1996年被戈麦斯超越。 1998年，鲍登编制了一份按时间顺序排列的清单，列出了 1982-1998年间的 38次 150米以下的潜水。鲍登还写了一篇简短的（未发表的）文章，详细介绍了他在大深度潜水、 DCS、 HPNS、深度计算方面的经验和观点。我们把它命名为 “一些关于潜入深处的想法”。鲍登的清单如下所示：
Olivier Isler with his triply redundant RI-2000 semi-closed rebreather circa 1993
约1993年，奥利维尔·伊斯勒和他的三重冗余RI-2000半封闭式循环呼吸器
All but six of the dives detailed in Bowden’s list were cave dives: there were five lake dives (one on the wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald in Lake Superior, Michigan), and one dive in the Mediterranean Sea. In addition to Exley, Gomes, and Bowden, some of the new names that appeared on this list and subsequent lists as shown below are Pascal Bernabe, Olivier Isler, and Gilberto Menezes de Oliveira. Again, Kristovich remains the only woman to make the list.
除了已标明的六次潜水之外，表中所有潜水都是洞穴潜水。六次里有五次湖泊潜水：（其中一次在密歇根州苏必利尔湖（ Lake Superior）的埃德蒙 ·菲茨杰拉德号沉船（ Edmund Fitzgerald）上），还有一次在地中海潜水。
除了埃克斯利、戈麦斯和鲍登，一些新名字出现在该列表和后续列表中，他们是帕斯卡尔 ·伯纳贝（ Pascal Bernabe）、奥利维尔 ·伊斯勒（ Olivier Isler）和吉尔伯托 ·梅内泽斯 ·德 ·奥利维拉（ Gilberto Menezes de Oliveira）。
同样，克里斯托维奇（ Kristovich）仍然是唯一上榜的女性。
Note that by 1998 several new decompression programs had gained favor by the faithful including British tech pioneer/engineer Kevin Gurr’s ProPlanner, a decompression model by French commercial decompression engineer JP Imbert turned tech diver, and the Abyss software model marketed by Chris Parrett and Joel Silverstein.
请注意，到 1998年，一些新的减压程序已经得到了忠实信徒的青睐，包括英国技潜先驱 /工程师凯文 ·古尔（ Kevin Gurr）的 ProPlanner、由曾是法国商业减压工程师的技术潜水员 JP Imbert开发的减压模型、以及由克里斯 ·帕雷特（ Chris Parrett）和乔尔 ·西尔弗斯坦（ Joel Silverstein）销售的 “深渊 ”软件模型。
The Darkness Continues to Beckon Circa 2000
黑暗在继续召唤着我们（约2000年时）
In 2000, British cave diving pioneer and author Martyn Farr published a list of the 14 deepest cave exploration dives beyond 150 m/489 ft. His seminal book, The Darkness Beckons, first published in 1980, and subsequently updated in 1991 and 2017, details the history of cave diving beginning with the early British dives at Wookey Hole. Farr’s list is shown below.
2000年，英国洞穴潜水先驱兼作家马丁 ·法尔（ Martyn Farr）发表了一份 150米 /489英尺以下 14次最深的洞穴探险潜水的名单。他的开创性著作《黑暗的召唤》（ The Darkness Beckons）于 1980年首次出版，随后于 1991年和 2017年更新和再版，从早期英国人在伍基洞（ Wookey Hole）的潜水开始，详细介绍了洞穴潜水的历史。
法尔的名单如下所示。
All but one of the divers can be seen on previous lists, and all of them are men. Note that five of the 14 dives were conducted by Brazilian cave explorer de Oliveira, while Bernabe claimed two of the deepest dives.
除了一名潜水员外，其他所有潜水员都已经出现在之前的名单上，他们都是男人。
请注意， 14次潜水中有 5次由巴西洞穴探险家德奥利维拉（ de Oliveira）进行，而伯纳⻉ (Bernabe)声称了其中（ 14次中）的两次。
The Deepest Cave Exploration Dives Today
如今最深的洞穴探险潜水
Brazilian explorer Gilberto Menezes de Oliveira.
巴西探险家吉尔伯托·梅内泽斯·德·奥利维拉。
In 2016, Gomes published a list of deep dives in his book, Beyond Blue. He updated and refined the list for this article to focus on the 13 deepest cave dives, all beyond 250 m/816 ft—the new demarcation for über-deep cave dives vs. sub-150 meter dives in the 1990s. Seven of these 13 dives were conducted after the year 1999.
2016年，戈麦斯在他的书《 Beyond Blue》中发布了一份大深度潜水名单。他更新和完善了这篇文章的列表，将重点放在 13个最深的洞穴潜水上，全部超过 250米 /816英尺 ——与 20世纪 90年代的那些 150米以下潜水相比，超深洞穴潜水有了新的深度界限。
这 13次潜水中有 7次是在 1999年后进行的。
French explorer Pascal Bernabe
法国探险家帕斯卡尔·伯纳贝
Note that obtaining an accurate measure of extreme depths can be challenging, especially in the cave environment, depending on the topography; divers sometimes have to rely on estimates. Few gauges are rated deeper than 200-250 meters, and even then, pressure sensors are not usually calibrated to read accurately at those depths. Gomes used an imperial Parkway gauge that went to 999 feet and then started counting again from zero. In practice today, depths are calculated using a combination of gauges, ropes, sonar, trigonometry and ROVs.
请注意，准确测量极端深度有时极具挑战，特别是在洞穴环境中，这取决于地形；潜水员有时不得不依靠估计。很少有仪表的额定深度超过 200-250米，即使如此，压力传感器通常也无法在这些深度进行校准以准确读数。
戈⻨斯 (Gomes) 使用了一个英制的 Parkway深度计，它下到 999英尺后就从零开始重新计数。在今天的实践中，深度是使用仪表、绳索、声呐、数学中的三角函数和 ROV的组合进行计算的。
Gomes’ table is shown here and lists the dives by their nominal depth, but includes a column for altitude adjusted depth. Note that Bushmansgat is located 1550 m/5000 feet above sea level. When adjusted for altitude, Gomes’ dive was equivalent to a sea level dive to a depth of 339m/1,112 ft making it the deepest cave dive on record.
此处显示了戈麦斯的表格，按数据上的深度列出了这些潜水，但有一栏显示了根据海拔调整后的深度。
请注意，布什曼斯加特（ Bushmansgat）海拔 1550米 /5000英尺。 进行了海拔调整之后，戈麦斯的潜水相当于从海平面下潜 339米 /1,112英尺，使其成为有史以来最深的洞穴潜水。
It should also be noted that all of the dives shown on Gomes’ table were solo dives (though there were support divers at shallower depths). Gomes believes that’s the only way these dives can be conducted. “It’s safer,” he explained to me. “If something goes wrong, only one diver dies instead of two.” The problem according to Gomes is that it’s not possible to save someone at these depths in the event of trouble. “You are pushing so close to the physiological envelope that you can hardly save yourself let alone someone else, if something goes wrong. You don’t have the time or the capacity, you have to concentrate on yourself,” he said.
还应注意的是，戈麦斯的表格上显示的所有潜水都是单人潜水（尽管浅水有支援潜水员）。
戈麦斯认为，这是进行这些潜水的唯一方式。
“这更安全， ”他向我解释道， “如果出了问题，只有一名潜水员死亡，而不是两名。 ”戈⻨斯认为，问题是，一旦遇到麻烦，在这种深度不可能救人。
“你离生理极限如此之近，如果出了什么问题，你几乎救不了自己，更不用说其他人了。你没有时间和能力，你必须专注于自己。 ”他说。
New to the deepest cave diving list are French cave explorer and former military and commercial diver Xavier Méniscus, and Polish cave explorer Krzysztof (Kris) Starnawski. Insiders say there is a healthy competition between the two über-divers reminiscent of the rivalry between Exley and Hasenmayer back in the day. Watch this space.
最深洞穴潜水名单的新成员是法国洞穴探险家、前军事和商业潜水员泽维尔 ·梅尼斯库斯（ Xavier Méniscus）和波兰洞穴探险家克日什托夫（克里斯） ·斯塔瑙斯基（ Krzysztof Starnawski）。
内部人士说，这两位潜水大神之间存在着良性竞争，这让人想起了埃克斯利和哈森迈耶当年的竞争。留意表上他们之间的差距。
Nuno Gomes and Polish cave explorer Krzysztof (Kris) Starnawski.
努诺·戈麦斯和波兰洞穴探险家克日什托夫（克里斯）·斯塔瑙斯基。
Interestingly, Miniscus, Gomes, Exley, Bowden and Starnawski each account for two of the deepest cave dives, while the others on the list claim a single entry. All of the divers are still alive with the exception of Exley and David Shaw who both died conducting extreme deep dives. Spanish cave explorer Jordi Yherla Santaolalla, suffered decompression illness at deep depth during ascent from his 253 m/830 ft dive at Font de Estramar, France in 2014. He was aided to the surface by his support team and was treated for DCI.
有趣的是，米纳斯库斯（ Miniscus）、戈麦斯（ Gomes）、埃克斯利（ Exley）、鲍登（ Bowden）和斯塔诺夫斯基（ Starnawski）分别在表格里出现了两次，而名单上的其他人都只有一次。
所有潜水员都活着，除了埃克斯利和大卫 ·肖 ——他们都在进行极端深潜时死亡。
西班牙洞穴探险家若尔迪 ·耶拉 ·桑塔奥拉拉（ Jordi Yherla Santaolalla）于 2014年在法国埃斯特拉⻢尔喷泉 (Font de Estramar)下潜至 253米 /830 英尺，在上升过程中，在大深度即罹患减压病。他在支援团队的帮助下回到水面，并接受了 DCI治疗。
Spanish cave explorer Jordi Yherla Santaolalla
西班牙洞穴探险家乔迪·耶拉·桑塔奥拉拉
It’s also interesting to note that in addition to claiming the deepest cave dive, Gomes set the Guinness World Recordfor the deepest (open water) scuba dive of 318 m/1,044 ft near Dahab in the Red Sea in 2005. Several weeks later, Pascal Bernabe claimed he set an unofficial record to 330 m/1077 ft in Corsica. Their records were supposedly bested almost a decade later by Egyptian ex-military diver Ahmed Gabr in 2014 with his reported dive to 332.35 m/1,090 ft in the Red Sea which earned him a Guinness World Record.
同样有趣的是，除了声称洞穴潜水最深外， 戈麦斯还于 2005年在红海达哈布（ Dahab）附近 创造了318米 /1,044英尺的最深的水肺潜水（开放水域）的 吉尼斯世界纪录。
几周后，帕斯卡尔 •伯纳贝声称他在科西嘉岛（ Corsica）创造了 330米 /1077英尺的非官方纪录。
据报道，埃及前军事潜水员艾哈迈德 ·加布（ Ahmed Gabr）在近十年后，于 2014年在红海潜水至 332.35米 /1090英尺，打破了他们的记录，创下新的吉尼斯世界纪录。
French cave explorer and former military and commercial diver Xavier Méniscus.
法国洞穴探险家、前军事和商业潜水员泽维尔·梅尼斯库斯。
However, Gabr’s record remains under a cloud of doubt in the tech diving community, as evidence that suggested that he did not actually make a record dive surfaced last summer. In February of this year, Guinness announced they had investigated claims that Gabr faked his record dive, and said they found “no conclusive evidence which establishes foul play.”However, it did not address specific allegations, nor did they interview Gabr’s support team.
然而，在技术潜水界， 加布的记录仍然受到怀疑，因为去年夏天有证据表明，他实际上并没有创造这个潜水纪录。
今年 2月，吉尼斯宣布，他们已经调查了关于加布伪造潜水纪录的说法，并表示 “没有找到确凿证据证明这之中有违规操作” 。
然而，吉尼斯没有涉及具体的指控，也没有采访加布的潜水支援团队。
Not shown on Gomes’ list are the recent remarkable deep exploration dives conducted by Australia’s Wet Mulesled by Dr. Richard “Harry” Harris, and Craig Challen in Pierce Resurgence. In early 2020, Harris and Chalen pushed the cave to the amazing depths of 243 m/792 feet, which fell just shy of the 250 meter cutoff. Note that Harris and Chalem dived as a team vs as solo divers. I’m sure the discussion of diving solo vs. as a team will continue as cave divers dive deeper. And we will.
在戈麦斯的名单上没有显示的是最近由澳大利亚湿骡子（ Australia’s Wet Mules* ）的领导者理查德 ·哈里斯博士（ Dr. Richard “Harry” Harris）和克雷格沙伦（ Craig Challen）在 Pierce Resurgence进行的引人注目的探险潜水。
在 2020年初，哈里斯和查伦把这个洞穴深入到了 243米 /792英尺的惊人深度，刚好接近 250m的这条界限。
请注意，哈里斯和查伦是组队进行的潜水。我相信随着洞穴潜水员潜得更深，关于单人潜水和团队潜水的讨论还会继续。
我们会的。
与技术潜水刚刚起步的三十年前相比，今天最深的洞穴潜水有多深？
InDepth 主编迈克尔 ·门杜诺（ Michael Menduno）和深潜先驱努诺 ·戈麦斯（ Nuno Gomes）合作，回顾了洞穴深潜的历史，讨论了其中所涉及的问题，并指出了那些一直在挑战极限的人。
Comparing Today’s Deepest Dives to The 1990s
将今天最深的潜水与上世纪90年代相比
Diving equipment has significantly improved since the 1990s, and rebreathers have become the tool of choice for deep diving, as the ever prescient Stone and Isler predicted. Six of the seven deepest cave dives conducted since 1999 were done on rebreathers; all of the 1980-1990s dives were done on open circuit.
自 20世纪 90年代以来，潜水装备已经有了很大的改进，正如有先见之明的斯通（ Stone）和伊斯勒（ Isler）所预测的那样，循环呼吸器已经成为深潜的首选工具。
自 1999年以来进行的 7次最深洞穴潜水中，有 6次是用循环呼吸器进行的；
1980-1990年代的所有潜水都是使用 OC进行的。
There have been no major changes in decompression algorithms short of adding conservative factors and adapting the algorithms for constant PO 2 rebreather diving.
至于减压算法，除了增加了保守度因子及调整算法以适应恒定氧分压循环呼吸器潜水之外，没有大的变化。
However, Gomes pointed out that divers are breathing mixtures with far greater helium content consistent with the new research on gas density and diving safety. In addition, more attention is being paid to transitioning gases from helium to nitrogen during the ascent to avoid isobaric counterdiffusion.
然而，戈麦斯指出，潜水员呼吸的混合气体中氦的含量远远高于对 气体密度和潜水安全的最新研究。此外，大家更多地注意到，在上升过程中，将气体从更多的氦气切换为更多的氮气时，如何避免发生等压气体逆向渗透。
Verna van Schaik, dived to 221 m, at Bushmansgat in October 2004
2004年10月，维尔纳·范·沙克在布什曼斯加特潜水到221米/721英尺
Note as of yet, no women have made the deepest dive list. Currently, Vera van Schaik, holds the Guinness World Record for the deepest scuba dive (women)to 221 m/721 feet, which she made in October 2004 at Bushmansgat, surpassing Kristovich’s record of 169 m/554 ft. Van Schaik went on to write a book, Fatally Flawed: The Quest to be Deepest, about her experience, and also wrote the forward to Gomes’ book.
请注意，到目前为止，还没有女性进入过这些最深的潜水名单。
目前，维拉 ·范 ·沙伊克（ Vera van Schaik）保持着 2004年 10月在布什曼斯加特（ Bushmansgat）创下的 221米 /721英尺 最深水肺潜水（女性）的吉尼斯世界纪录，超过了克里斯托维奇（ Kristovich） 169米 /554英尺的纪录。
范 ·沙伊克接着写了一本关于她经历的书 《致命缺陷：寻求最深》（《 Fatally Flawed: The Quest to be Deepest》），并写了戈麦斯这本书的前言。
Since Van Schaik’s dive at Bushmansgat, two female divers have died trying to break her record. Forty-year old French diver Brigitte Lenoir died in Dahab, Red Sea, in May 2010. Then in September 2017, 45-year old Bulgarian technical diving instructor trainer, Teodora Balabanova, died attempting a dive to 231 m/754 ft, while her husband, Mihail Balabanov, who had accompanied her, was injured.
自范 ·沙伊克的布什曼斯加特潜水以来，两名女潜水员在打破她的纪录时死亡。
40岁的法国潜水员布里吉特 ·勒努瓦（ Brigitte Lenoir ）于 2010年 5月在红海达哈布去世。
然后在 2017年 9月， 45岁的保加利亚技术潜水教练训练官特奥多拉 ·巴拉巴诺娃（ Teodora Balabanova）在挑战 231米 /754英尺时死亡，当时陪同她的丈夫米哈伊尔 ·巴拉巴诺夫（ Mihail Balabanov）受伤。
Today, as this article is being written, one of Gomes’ students, Karen Van Den Oever is planning to dive beyond 250 m/816 ft at Bushmansgat on March 25, 2021. If she does go through with it, we plan to announce the results in the issue. [See: “South African Cave Diver Karen van den Oever Sets New Women’s Deep Cave Diving Record.”
今天，在撰写这篇文章时，戈麦斯的学生之一凯伦 ·范登 ·奥弗（ Karen Van Den Oever）计划于 2021年 3月 25日在布什曼斯加特下潜超过 250米 /816英尺。如果她真的成功了，我们计划在这期杂志上公布结果。
Cave Divers Do It Deeper
洞穴潜水员潜得更深
How do the deepest cave exploration dives compare to those of shipwreck divers? The ten deepest cave dives today average 284 m/926 ft (adjusting for altitude and freshwater), compared to an average depth of 209 m/682 ft for the ten deepest cave dives in 2000, or approximately 75 m/245 ft deeper.
最深的洞穴探险潜水与沉船潜水员相比如何？
在今时今日， 10个最深的洞穴潜水平均为 284米 /926英尺（根据海拔和淡水进行调整），而 2000年 10个最深的洞穴潜水的平均深度为 209米 /682英尺，即提升了大约 75米 /245英尺。
In contrast, the ten deepest shipwreck dives today average 176 m/576 ft, compared to 121 m/398 ft for the ten deepest shipwreck dives in the 1990s (see Extending The Envelope Revisited: The 30 Deepest Tech Shipwreck Dives). In other words, the deepest cave dives exceed the deepest wreck dives by 108 m/352 ft on average, and as a result of depth and geography are also likely considerably longer on average.
相比之下，近年来十次最深的沉船潜水平均为 176米 /576英尺，而上世纪 90年代十次最深的沉船潜水平均为 121米 /398英尺。
换言之，最深的洞穴潜水平均比最深的沉船潜水要深 108米 /352英尺，而且由于深度和地形原因，平均潜水时间可能也会明显长得多。
Will cave divers continue to push depths ever deeper over the next twenty years as they did with the last? “Xavier and Kris may push the limits a little deeper. Who knows,” Gomes told me. “However the work of breathing (WOB) becomes a problem at those depths, particularly on rebreathers.” [Note that Dave Shawdied of respiratory insufficiencyat a sub-250 m dive at Bushmansgat—see video below]
在接下来的二十年里，洞穴潜水员是否会像过去那样继续向更深的地方推进呢？
“泽维尔（ Xavier）和克里斯（ Kris）可能会把极限推得更深一点。谁知道呢， ”戈麦斯告诉我：
“然而，在这些深度， WOB（呼吸阻抗）成为一个问题，特别是对使用循环呼吸器的潜水员而言。 ”
【请注意， 戴夫·肖（ Dave Shaw）在布什曼斯加特 (Bushmansgat)的一次超过 250米的潜水时死于 呼吸功能不全】
Will cave divers take a lesson from the cutting edge of commercial divingand adapt hydrogen as a breathing gas for extreme depths? Hydrogen is half the weight of helium, and its slight narcotic properties have been shown to ameliorate the effects of HPNS, which is believed to be a contributing factor in Exley’s death. In fact, ambitious tech divers have already conducted an experimental hydrogen dive according to retired scientific diver of the US Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) John Clarke’s latest blog, “ Hydrogen Diving: The Good, The Bad, The Ugly.” Interestingly enough, Sheck mentioned the use of hydrogen and hydreliox towards the end of my 1992 aquaCORPS interview with him, “Exley on Mix.”
洞穴潜水员是否会从 商业潜水的前沿学到经验，并将氢气作为呼吸气体应用于极端深度？
氢的重量是氦的一半，它轻微的迷醉特性被证明可以减轻 HPNS的影响，而 HPNS被认为是导致埃克斯利死亡的一个因素。
事实上，根据美国海军实验潜水队（ NEDU）退休科学潜水员约翰 •克拉克（ John Clarke）的最新博客 《氢气潜水:那些好的、坏的和不⻮的》的说法（译者注：名字来自《 The Good, The Bad, The Ugly》），已经有雄心勃勃的技术潜水员进行了氢潜水实验。
有趣的是，谢克在我 1992年的 aquaCORPS采访结束时提到了氢气和氢氦氧混合气的使用，见 文章“Exley on Mix.”。
It’s also likely that future tech divers may one day have access to lightweight, self-contained one-atmosphere exosuits, similar to what atmospheric-diving-systems (ADS) pioneer Phil Nuytten, of Nuytco Research, is building for the US Navy. Far-fetched? In 2014, British caveman Phil Short piloted an exosuit on a Woods Hole expedition in Greece to depths of 123 m/400 ft in search of the Antikythera Mechanism. It’s not hard to imagine.
未来的技术潜水员也有可能有一天能够获得轻便的、自给自足的常压外骨骼潜水服 *（ self-contained one-atmosphere exosuits），类似于 Nuytco Research的常压潜水系统（ ADS）先驱菲尔 ·纽滕（ Phil Nuytten）正在为美国海军建造的潜水服（译者注：目前全世界最先进的 ADS公司 OceanWorks几年前已被中国的海兰信收购，正在研发制造最新一代的 ADS）。
不靠谱？
2014年，英国洞穴潜水员菲尔 ·肖特（ Phil Short）在希腊的一次伍兹霍尔海洋研究所的探险中穿着一套常压外骨骼潜水服，深入 123米 /400英尺深处，寻找安提基瑟拉机制 *
（译者注：又称安提凯希拉装置，一种复杂的古希腊科学计算器）。
这一切不再是难以想象。
I asked Sheck, a few years after his record 264 m/867 ft dive at Mante, what he thought the ultimate depth limit would be. “There is no limit,” he said. “We’ll always find a way to go deeper and deeper. That’s been the pattern all along. Ten years from now, twenty years from now, people will be doing things we’ve never dreamed of, and I see no reason for that to change.”
在曼特（ Mante）创下 264米 /867英尺的潜水纪录几年后，我问谢克（ Sheck）他认为的极限深度是多少。
“没有限制， ”他说，
“我们总会找到办法，越下越深。一直以来都是如此。十年后，二十年后，人们将做到我们做梦也想不到的事情，未来注定是这样。 ”
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洞潜之王的挂蹼公告
打破水肺深潜世界纪录前，他竟然靠自由潜逃命 (含视频)
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